Heart failure & cardiomyopathies
Acute heart failure in emergency settings
Recommendations
As issued by the authors
It emphasizes the importance of a rapid phenotypic classification into acute decompensated heart failure, acute pulmonary oedema, isolated right ventricular failure, or cardiogenic shock, as a key tool to guide early management and triage decisions.
It reviews evidence on prehospital and ED management, including the use of biomarkers, imaging, ventilatory support, diuretic and vasodilator strategies, and early initiation or continuation of guideline-directed medical therapy.
It also discusses risk stratification and disposition decisions supported by validated tools.
Finally, it identifies major knowledge gaps and future research priorities, including pragmatic trials to assess prehospital interventions, biomarker-guided therapy, and early initiation of disease-modifying treatments.
Original publication
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it