Pulmonary vascular disease & thromboembolismCohort study
Associations of PM2.5 components, residential greenness, and heatwaves with incident venous thromboembolism
- Prospective cohort study
- UK Biobank
Authors' conclusion
This study identified that exposure to specific PM2.5 components, low residential greenness, and heatwaves were associated with elevated VTE risk.
Study context
- Population
- UK Biobank participants (mean age 56.5 years; 54.3% female)9,988 incident venous thromboembolism (VTE) cases
- Participants
- 483,610 participants
- Exposure
- Higher vs lower exposure to PM2.5 components, residential greenness and heatwaves
- Outcome
- Incident VTE (hospital admission and death records)
- Follow-up
- Median 11.83 years
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Incident VTE
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
elemental carbon
1.052(1.005–1.101)
sulfate
1.064(1.001–1.130)
ammonium
1.090(1.010–1.176)
residential greenness
0.944(0.916–0.972)
Per IQR increase, as printed
- Heatwaves, HR for incident VTE across heatwave definitions
- 1.149 (1.137, 1.161) to 1.407 (1.396, 1.417)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Interactions on VTE risk
- Significant additive interactions with heatwaves for sulfate and ammonium, not consistently for other components or greenness
- Polygenic risk score: significant additive interactions with ammonium and nitrate, multiplicative interaction with residential greenness
Original publication
Associations of PM2.5 components, residential greenness, and heatwaves with incident venous thromboembolism. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Published 4 September 2026. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwag465
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it