Caffeine and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Most studies suggest an inverse J-shaped relationship between naturally occurring caffeinated products and BP.

Habitual coffee consumption has been associated with a lower risk of incident T2DM; data on caffeine and DM are not consistent.

No clear relationship between caffeine and blood lipids; unfiltered coffee raises LDL-C.

Caffeine, mainly as coffee, shows either no relationship or a lower risk of CAD and HF.

RCT data in regular caffeinated coffee drinkers: caffeinated coffee decreases AF occurrence but increases premature ventricular contractions.

Moderate caffeine consumption, mainly as coffee, was associated with a lower risk of stroke.

Data on high caffeine doses such as in energy drinks are limited and generally suggest CV harm.