Cardiometabolic & kidneyCohort study
Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality
- Prospective population-based cohort study
- sex-stratified
Authors' conclusion
CKM stages were associated with a stepwise increase in risk of CVD and all-cause mortality, with important sex-specific differences observed particularly for all-cause mortality.
Study context
- Population
- General population, CoLaus|PsyCoLaus cohort53.2% women
- Participants
- 5,752 participants
- Exposure
- CKM stages 1–4 vs stage 0
- Outcome
- CVD (including ASCVD) and all-cause mortality, by CKM stage, stratified by sex
- Follow-up
- 14.3 years
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
CVD, ASCVD and all-cause mortality by CKM stage (vs stage 0)
Each group vs stage 0HR
Stage 3CVD, men
5.16(95% CI 2.61–10.19)
Stage 3ASCVD, men
3.82(95% CI 1.76–8.27)
Stage 3CVD, women
1.92(95% CI 0.91–4.04)
Stage 3ASCVD, women
1.95(95% CI 0.79–4.81)
Stage 3all-cause mortality, women (peak)
3.43(CI 1.92–6.10)
Stage 4all-cause mortality, men (peak)
2.42(CI 1.27–4.64)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
CKM stage distribution (men vs women)
- Stage 0
- 9.9 vs 26.1%
- Stage 1
- 13.3 vs 13.7%
- Stage 2
- 62.6 vs 56.8%
- Stage 3
- 9.4 vs 1.7%
- Stage 4
- 4.8 vs 1.7%
Population attributable fractions
- Incremental population attributable fractions (PAFs) peaked at stage 2
Original publication
Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Published 30 July 2026. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwag394
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it