Acute cardiac care & resuscitationTrial design
Design and rationale of a multicenter paramedic randomized trial of noradrenaline versus adrenaline in the initial management of patients with cardiogenic shock—The PANDA trial
- prehospital, open-label, single-blind, randomized controlled trial
- multicenter
- paramedic-delivered
- 1:1 randomization
- design and rationale
Study context
- Population
- Patients aged 18 years and older with suspected cardiogenic shock (clinical evidence of hypoperfusion, systolic blood pressure ≤90 mmHg despite adequate volume resuscitation, suspected cardiac cause including cardiac arrest of estimated duration less than 30-minutes)anticipated enrolment, 450 recruited thus far
- Participants
- 1,155 patients
- Planned comparison
- initial treatment with norepinephrine, compared with epinephrine
- Primary endpoint
- all-cause 28-day mortality
- Follow-up
- 28 days
No results yet. This paper sets out the design of a trial; its results are to come.
Further findings
Recruitment progress
- patients recruited thus far
- 450
Original publication
Design and rationale of a multicenter paramedic randomized trial of noradrenaline versus adrenaline in the initial management of patients with cardiogenic shock—The PANDA trial. Am Heart J. Published 10 February 2026. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2026.107378
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it