Aortic & peripheral vascular diseaseResearch article
Elevated Remnant and Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol and the Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease
- Mendelian randomisation study
- univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization
- UK Biobank genome-wide association study
Authors' conclusion
Elevated remnant cholesterol had a causal effect on risk of PAD even after accounting for elevated LDL cholesterol, whereas most of the causal effect of elevated LDL cholesterol on risk of PAD was dependent on simultaneously elevated remnant cholesterol.
Study context
- Population
- Peripheral artery disease (PAD) (38,414 cases, 758,308 controls) and coronary artery disease (CAD) (221,445 cases, 770,615 controls)
- Comparison
- Genetically higher remnant cholesterol vs genetically higher LDL-C
- Outcome
- OR for PAD per 1 mmol/L (39 mg/dL) higher remnant cholesterol and LDL-C
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
PAD per 1 mmol/L higher cholesterol
Odds ratio (95% CI)
Remnant cholesterolunivariable
2.72(2.10–3.52)
LDL-Cunivariable
1.37(1.25–1.51)
Remnant cholesterolmultivariable
2.16(1.49–3.12)
LDL-Cmultivariable
1.14(1.00–1.30)
Per 1 mmol/L higher cholesterol, as printed
Further findings
| Outcome | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| CAD per 1 mmol/L higher cholesterol — Remnant cholesterol · univariable | 2.92 (2.34–3.64) | |
| CAD per 1 mmol/L higher cholesterol — LDL-C · univariable | 1.67 (1.56–1.79) | |
| CAD per 1 mmol/L higher cholesterol — Remnant cholesterol · multivariable | 1.86 (1.39–2.47) | |
| CAD per 1 mmol/L higher cholesterol — LDL-C · multivariable | 1.44 (1.29–1.60) | |
| PAD per 1 SD higher cholesterol — Remnant cholesterol · univariable | 1.37 (1.27–1.49) | |
| PAD per 1 SD higher cholesterol — LDL-C · univariable | 1.29 (1.20–1.39) | |
| PAD per 1 SD higher cholesterol — Remnant cholesterol · multivariable | 1.28 (1.14–1.43) | |
| PAD per 1 SD higher cholesterol — LDL-C · multivariable | 1.11 (1.00–1.23) | |
| CAD per 1 SD higher cholesterol — Remnant cholesterol · univariable | 1.40 (1.31–1.51) | |
| CAD per 1 SD higher cholesterol — LDL-C · univariable | 1.51 (1.43–1.59) | |
| CAD per 1 SD higher cholesterol — Remnant cholesterol · multivariable | 1.22 (1.11–1.33) | |
| CAD per 1 SD higher cholesterol — LDL-C · multivariable | 1.34 (1.23–1.46) | |
| 0.20.5125Odds ratio (log scale) |
Original publication
Elevated Remnant and LDL Cholesterol and the Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. Published 1 April 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.12.033
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it