Heart failure & cardiomyopathiesCohort study
Etiology of Heart Failure Across the Ejection Fraction Spectrum and Association With Prognosis
- Registry-based cohort study
Authors' conclusion
Ischemic etiology was dominant in HFrEF and HFmrEF, while valvular and hypertensive etiologies dominated in HFpEF. Etiologies most associated with death/HF hospitalization were ischemic in HFrEF, hypertensive in HFmrEF, and valvular in HFpEF.
Study context
- Population
- Patients with heart failure (HF) in SwedeHF (Swedish Heart Failure Registry), April 2010–December 2023, by EF category (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF))
- Participants
- 73,769 patients
- Exposure
- HF etiologies within each EF category
- Outcome
- Composite of:
- Time to all-cause death
- First HF hospitalization
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Death/HF hospitalization by etiology within EF category
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
HypertensiveHFmrEF; first HF hospitalization
1.10(1.03–1.19)
ValvularHFpEF; first HF hospitalization
1.11(1.02–1.22)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Association of etiology with EF category
- Ischemic etiology independently associated with HFrEF and HFmrEF; hypertensive and valvular with HFpEF
- 53% HFrEF, 25% HFmrEF, 22% HFpEF; 38% ischemic, 8% valvular, 25% hypertensive, 29% other
Original publication
Etiology of Heart Failure Across the Ejection Fraction Spectrum and Association With Prognosis. JACC Heart Fail. Published 16 June 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2025.03.037
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it