Heart Failure Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy Scoring Systems: A Scoping Review

Authors' conclusion

Multiple, disparate scores have been developed to quantify heart failure with reduced ejection fraction GDMT optimization, undermining the original intent. Key gaps in scores include heterogeneous weighting of drug classes and doses, minimal incorporation of intolerance to identify maximum-tolerated therapy, and heterogeneous incorporation of therapies beyond quadruple therapy. Future studies should focus on clear reporting and justification of the selected GDMT score, and the use of existing scores that incorporate relevant contemporary agents.