Hepatic steatosis in cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome: fatty liver Index as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes
Main findingResult — go to the resultHazard ratio 1.324 95% CI 1.304–1.345Authors' conclusion
The FLI is an independent prognostic marker for cardiovascular outcomes across the CKM syndrome spectrum.
Study context
- Population
- Adults in the Korean National Health Insurance Database, 2009–2012, classified by cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome stage (0/1, 2, 3, 4)
- Participants
- 1,497,913 adults
- Exposure
- Fatty liver index (FLI) ≥60 vs FLI <60
- Outcome
- Composite of:
- All-cause death
- HF
- Stroke
- MI
- Follow-up
- Average 12.60 ± 1.50 years
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Hazard ratio
1.324
95% CI 1.304–1.345
P < 0.001
FLI ≥60 vs FLI <60
HR 1.324 (95% CI 1.304–1.345); P < 0.001
- Each 1-SD increment in FLI (1-SD = 23.78): higher risk of primary outcome
- 23%
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Secondary outcomes
Primary outcome by CKM syndrome stage (subgroup)
- Dose-response persisted across all CKM stages, most pronounced in earlier stages (0/1 and 2)
Secondary outcomes
- Similar pattern noted
Original publication
Hepatic steatosis in cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome: fatty liver Index as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Published 30 June 2025. doi:10.
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it