Identification and management of cardiopulmonary risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multidisciplinary consensus and modified Delphi study

Given the high burden of fatal and non-fatal major CV and respiratory events in COPD, cardiopulmonary risk should be assessed and managed

Patients with CV risk factors or disease who have regular cough or expectoration, recurrent 'chest infections', a significant smoking history, or dyspnoea should complete spirometry to confirm COPD

Prevalent and incident CVD and risk in COPD (including HF, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, AF) should be managed according to clinical guidelines

COPD exacerbation risk should be addressed to reduce cardiopulmonary risk

Enhanced integration with specialists in cardiology, pulmonology and primary care is recommended