Acute cardiac care & resuscitationGuideline or statement
Part 3: Ethics: 2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care
- Clinical practice guideline
Recommendations
As issued by the authors
Ethical frameworks for difficult decisions: principlism (beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for autonomy, justice), dignity, narrative ethics, crisis standards of care, utilitarianism, virtue ethics, deontology
Health care professionals and their organizations to actively address structural inequities, social determinants of health and resulting disparities in emergency cardiovascular care
Decision-making processes, including advance directives and shared decision-making
Decisions to initiate or withhold and to continue or terminate resuscitation in adults, geriatric patients, children, newborn infants and pregnant patients
Original publication
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it