Arrhythmias & electrophysiology
Race- and Sex-Associated Electrocardiographic Repolarization Characteristics in Young American Athletes in the Digital Age
Authors' conclusion
Anterior TWIs are common in young American athletes, with sex differences but minimal racial variation. The similar prevalence of the convex anterior TWI pattern suggests this pattern may be a normal finding in all races.
Study context
- Population
- Young American athletes undergoing screening electrocardiographic (ECG) (digital ECG database)
- Participants
- 8,758 screening ECGs
- Exposure
- T-wave inversion (TWI) prevalence and T-wave amplitude by sex and race
- Outcome
- Race- and sex-associated TWI differences and T-wave amplitudes (TWI = inversion <−0.075 mV)
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
TWI prevalence
| Outcome | Female | Male |
|---|---|---|
| TWI V1 | 80.6% | 48.7% |
| TWI V2 | 14.9% | 4.4% |
| TWI V3 | 1.6% | 0.3% |
- Female vs Male: P < 0.001 — TWI in V1, V2 and V3 each
- TWI in ≥1 precordial lead (V1-V6), all athletes
- 58%
- TWI in V2-V4, all athletes
- 7.5%
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
| Outcome | Black | Non-Black | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convex anterior TWI patternBlack vs Non-Black | 0.25% | 0.27% | P = 1.00 |
- Convex anterior TWI pattern — Overall prevalence (n = 23); no sex- or race-associated differences
- 0.26%
Original publication
Race- and Sex-Associated Electrocardiographic Repolarization Characteristics in Young American Athletes in the Digital Age. JACC Adv. Published 5 December 2025. doi:10.
Composed by AI from the published abstract and checked against it. How Briefs are made →