Heart failure & cardiomyopathiesCohort study
Socioeconomic Correlates of Incident Heart Failure and Consequent Mortality
- Prospective cohort study
Authors' conclusion
Lower income, education, and high neighborhood deprivation independently associate with incident HF, whereas only income was associated with mortality. Higher education was less protective in non-White participants and individuals residing in deprived neighborhoods.
Study context
- Population
- Adults in the All of Us Research Program sharing EHRs: free of heart failure (HF) (incident HF) and with prevalent HF (mortality)280,431 HF-free
- Exposure
- Income, education and Area Deprivation Index (ADI) categories vs highest-SES reference
- Outcome
- Incident HF (adults without HF); all-cause mortality (adults with HF)
- Follow-up
- 41 ± 23 months
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Incident HF
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
$100,000 to <$200,000 vs ≥$200,000
1.29(1.12–1.48)
$50,000 to <$100,000 vs ≥$200,000
1.82(1.60–2.09)
$25,000 to <$50,000 vs ≥$200,000
2.24(1.95–2.57)
<$25,000 vs ≥$200,000
3.02(2.63–3.47)
Some college vs College graduates
1.37(1.28–1.46)
General Educational Development vs College graduates
1.46(1.36–1.58)
Less than high school vs College graduates
1.40(1.26–1.55)
Middle ADI tertile vs Least deprived ADI tertile
1.21(1.14–1.29)
Most deprived ADI tertile vs Least deprived ADI tertile
1.18(1.11–1.26)
- Participants developing HF
- 6,783 of 280,431
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
All-cause mortality in prevalent HF
- Each $10,000 income increase: lower all-cause mortality
- 3%
Incident HF, education benefit by race and ADI (subgroup)
- Non-White participants and residents of most deprived ADI tertiles had less benefit from higher education
Original publication
Socioeconomic Correlates of Incident Heart Failure and Consequent Mortality. JACC Heart Fail. Published 25 March 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2026.103012
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it