Association of menopausal hormone therapy with incident cardiovascular disease in women veterans
Main finding · CVDResult — go to the resultHazard ratio 1.74 95% CI 1.63–1.85Authors' conclusion
Our results suggest that menopausal HT is associated with increased risk of a broad range of CVD and death in WV 45 years and older.
Study context
- Population
- Women veterans aged ≥45 years who engaged with Veterans Health Administration (VHA) from 1/1/2000–12/31/2017Women veterans (WV) who met the inclusion criteria, including 9295 with hormone therapy (HT)
- Participants
- 241,943 veterans
- Comparison
- WV with and without HT
- HT cohortn = 9,295
- Outcome
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Methodological detailsCox proportional hazards models, stratified analyses across distinct age categories
- Cox proportional hazards models
- Stratified analyses across distinct age categories
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Hazard ratio
1.74
95% CI 1.63–1.85
P < 0.001
By group
HT cohort vs non-HT cohort
HR 1.74 (95% CI 1.63–1.85); P < 0.001
Further findings
| Outcome | HT cohort | non-HT cohort | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortalityP for rates after 1:2 propensity score matching | 8.0% | 5.2% | 1.25 (1.13–1.39) | P < 0.001 | |
| 0.512Hazard ratio (log scale) |
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF), aortic stenosis (AS), pulmonary hypertension (PHTN), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and venous thromboembolism (VTE)
- HT independently associated with a greater risk of IHD, stroke, HF, AF, AS, PHTN, PAD, and VTE
Original publication
Association of menopausal hormone therapy with incident cardiovascular disease in women veterans. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. Published 5 November 2025. doi:10.
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it