Acute cardiac care & resuscitation
Pregnancy-Related Differences in Cardiogenic Shock: A National Analysis of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Outcomes
Authors' conclusion
There are differences in cardiogenic shock etiology, comorbidities, and clinical complications among pregnant vs nonpregnant women.
Study context
- Population
- Reproductive-aged women (18–45) with delivery, pregnancy and cardiogenic shock-related hospitalizations, US National Inpatient Sample 2016–2021
- Exposure
- Pregnant vs nonpregnant women with cardiogenic shock
- Outcome
- Etiologies, risk factors and outcomes of cardiogenic shock; pregnancy-related differences in procedural utilization
Methodological detailsNational Inpatient Sample database
- National Inpatient Sample database
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Pregnant vs NonpregnantAdjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
1.67(1.07–2.65)
In-hospital death
0.43(0.28–0.66)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Pulmonary edema
Cardiogenic shock etiology
Ischemic CM
Congenital heart disease
Peripartum CM Pregnant 30.8%
- Pregnant women with vs without cardiogenic shock: With cardiogenic shock Preeclampsia 21.3% · Placental hemorrhage 26.6% · Fetal death 10.0% · Maternal death 17.8%
- Pregnant women with vs without cardiogenic shock: Without cardiogenic shock Preeclampsia 6.5% · Placental hemorrhage 4.3% · Fetal death 0.51% · Maternal death 0.01%
Pulmonary edema
- Pregnant women had lower comorbidity burden and rates of multiorgan failure
Pregnant women with vs without cardiogenic shock
- Higher rates of CV comorbidities with cardiogenic shock
Original publication
Pregnancy-Related Differences in Cardiogenic Shock: A National Analysis of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Outcomes. JACC Adv. Published 23 July 2025. doi:10.
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it