Pulmonary vascular disease & thromboembolism
Venous thromboembolism and bleeding in cancer patients: role of inflammatory and cardiac biomarkers
Authors' conclusion
Select inflammatory-related and cardiac markers were associated with VTE and bleeding risks in cancer patients, which can be determined using developed nomograms.
Study context
- Population
- Ambulatory cancer patients with a Khorana score of ≥2 (AVERT trial of apixaban for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention)514 with baseline samples
- Participants
- 574 patients
- Comparison
- Associations of inflammatory (CRP, GDF-15) and cardiac (NT-proBNP, high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT)) biomarkers with VTE and bleeding
- Primary endpoint
- VTE and clinically relevant bleeding (subdistribution hazard ratios (SHRs) adjusted for age and advanced cancer, competing risk of death)
Methodological detailspost hoc analysis, Fine and Gray competing-risk regression, Nomograms developed to estimate VTE and clinically relevant bleeding risks
- Post hoc analysis
- Fine and Gray competing-risk regression
- Nomograms developed to estimate VTE and clinically relevant bleeding risks
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
VTE and clinically relevant bleeding, by biomarker
Subdistribution hazard ratio (95% CI)
Elevated baseline growth differentiation factor-15VTE
1.36(1.01–1.84)
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptidebleeding
1.44(1.08–1.92)
C-reactive proteinbleeding
1.38(1.07–1.76)
Increasing high-sensitivity troponin T from baseline to 1 monthVTE
1.89(1.14–3.16)
Original publication
Venous thromboembolism and bleeding in cancer patients: role of inflammatory and cardiac biomarkers. Eur Heart J. Published 12 December 2025. doi:10.
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it