Valvular & structural heart disease
Valvular Heart Disease Interventional Trials From 2000 to 2024: A Systematic Review
Authors' conclusion
VHD trials have expanded in scale and scope with increased trial-level mean age. However, persistent sex disparities and demographic variability highlight the need for more inclusive trial designs to guide equitable valve therapy.
Study context
- Population
- Valvular heart disease (VHD) interventional trials (aortic, mitral, tricuspid, pulmonic valves; percutaneous or surgical) indexed in PubMed, 2000–2024
- Participants
- 87,412 participants · 487 trials
- Outcome
- Temporal trends in trial characteristics and demographic representation, particularly age and sex
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
- Women among participants
- 44.9%
- Median trial size increased over time
- z = 4.98; P < 0.01
- Participant age increased over time
- z = 10.08; P < 0.01
- Female enrollment did not improve significantly over time
- z = −0.48; P = 0.63
- Trials involving percutaneous interventions increased
- 11% to 45%
- Trials involving bioprosthetic interventions increased
- 22% to 53%
- Trials involving aortic valve interventions increased
- 27% to 62%
- Multinational trials increased
- 2% to 16%
Further pooled results
Female enrollment by valve type and modality
- Women in mitral trials
- 58.9%
- Women in tricuspid trials
- 59%
- Women in percutaneous studies
- 52%
- Women in surgical studies
- 41.7%
Correlation of participant age with female representation
- Positive correlation (ρ)
- 0.196; P < 0.01
Original publication
Valvular Heart Disease Interventional Trials From 2000 to 2024: A Systematic Review. JACC Adv. Published 29 November 2025. doi:10.
Summarised from the published abstract; every number is checked against it