Virtual Reality to Reduce Preprocedural Anxiety During Invasive Coronary Angiography: The Virtual Reality (VR) InCard Trial
Primary result · Preprocedural NRS anxietyResult — go to the resultMean difference 0.9 95% CI 0.2–1.6Authors' conclusion
VR therapy did not reduce preprocedural anxiety in patients undergoing ICA. After adjusting for baseline anxiety, VR therapy significantly reduced preprocedural anxiety, with the most pronounced effect in patients undergoing ICA for NSTE-ACS. VR therapy presents a viable nonpharmacological complement to traditional treatments for procedure-related anxiety.
Study context
- Population
- Adults undergoing invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for chronic coronary syndrome, coronary vasomotor function testing, or NSTE-ACS with a numeric rating scale (NRS) anxiety score of 4 or morepatients included
- Participants
- 99 adults
- Comparison
- VR therapy in addition to usual care vs usual care
- Intervention groupn = 47
- Control groupn = 52
- Primary endpoint
- Preprocedural NRS anxiety
- Follow-up
- Preprocedural
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
Mean difference
0.9
95% CI 0.2–1.6
P = 0.010
Intervention groupvs control group
mean difference 0.9 (95% CI 0.2–1.6); P = 0.010
Secondary outcomes
Secondary outcomes (NRS anxiety at other timepoints, physiological stress parameters, patient- and provider-reported outcome measures)
- No significant differences were observed in secondary outcomes
Preprocedural anxiety by ICA indication (subgroup)
- Patients undergoing ICA for NSTE-ACS experienced the greatest effect
Original publication
Virtual Reality to Reduce Preprocedural Anxiety During Invasive Coronary Angiography: The VR InCard Trial. JACC Adv. Published 18 July 2025. doi:10.
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