Worsening trends in modifiable cardiovascular risk factors among patients hospitalized for cardiovascular disease in Spain (2007–22): a nationwide sex-specific analysis
Authors' conclusion
Our results underscore persistent sex-specific differences in the prevalence of CVRF over time throughout the study period in Spain. Men consistently exhibited higher rates of smoking and alcohol consumption, while the prevalence of obesity and hypertension was higher in women.
Study context
- Population
- Adults (≥18 years) hospitalised with a principal diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (MI, stroke, heart failure (HF), aortic stenosis (AS)) in Spain, 2007–2022
- Participants
- 6,734,967 hospital admissions
- Exposure
- Women vs men
- Womenn = 2,958,156
- Menn = 3,776,811reference
- Outcome
- Sex-specific temporal trends in prevalence of CV risk factors
- Follow-up
- 2007–2022
Methodological detailsnationwide, Spanish Minimum Basic Data Set, join-point regression
- Nationwide
- Spanish Minimum Basic Data Set
- Join-point regression
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Prevalence of CV risk factors by sex
Smoking
Alcohol consumption
Obesity
- Hypertension (overall)
- 43.8%
- Dyslipidaemia (overall)
- 36.9%
- DM (overall)
- 32%
- Smoking (overall)
- 19.8%
- Alcohol consumption (overall)
- 4%
- Obesity (overall)
- 11.5%
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Age by sex
P < 0,001
Original publication
Worsening trends in modifiable cardiovascular risk factors among patients hospitalized for cardiovascular disease in Spain (2007–22): a nationwide sex-specific analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Published 25 August 2026. doi:10.
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