Arrhythmias & electrophysiology
Normal values for left atrial strain, volume, and function derived from 3D echocardiography: the Copenhagen City Heart Study
Authors' conclusion
We present age- and sex-specific reference material including limits of normality for LA strain, volume, and function by 3DE.
Study context
- Population
- Healthy adults from the general population (Copenhagen City Heart Study) without comorbidities, with 3D echocardiography of the left atrium (LA)healthy
- Participants
- 979 adults
- Outcome
- Normative values (median and limits of normality, 2.5th–97.5th percentiles) for LA strain, volume and function by 3DE
Methodological detailspopulation-based cohort (5th Copenhagen City Heart Study), Of 4466 participants, 2082 underwent 3DE of the LA; those with comorbidities excluded
- Population-based cohort (5th Copenhagen City Heart Study)
- Of 4466 participants, 2082 underwent 3DE of the LA; those with comorbidities excluded
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Median (2.5th–97.5th percentile limits of normality)
- LA reservoir strain (LASr)
- 30.8% (18.4-44.2%)
- LA conduit strain (LAScd)
- 19.1% (6.8-32.0%)
- LA contractile strain
- 11.7% (4.3-22.2%)
- Total LA emptying fraction (LAEF)
- 61.4% (47.8-71.0%)
- Passive LAEF
- 37.7% (17.4-53.9%)
- Active LAEF
- 37.4% (22.2-52.5%)
- LA minimum volume index (LAVimin)
- 10.2 (5.9-18.5) mL/m²
- LA maximum volume index (LAVimax)
- 26.8 (16.5-40.1) mL/m²
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Effect of age
- All parameters changed significantly with increasing age
- <0.001
Effect of sex
- Sex modified age association with LASr (interaction P)
- < 0.001
- Sex modified age association with LAScd (interaction P)
- < 0.001
- Sex modified age association with LAVimin (interaction P)
- = 0.037
- Sex modified age association with total LAEF (interaction P)
- = 0.034
- Significant sex differences for all parameters except active LAEF and LAVimax
- These parameters deteriorated faster with age in females than males
Original publication
Normal values for left atrial strain, volume, and function derived from 3D echocardiography: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. Published 23 January 2024. doi:10.
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